26 December 2025

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Interventions Before the ICJ: From Restraint to Normative Multilateralism

Introduction and Position of Interventions in ICJ Proceedings Hitherto The interventions before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) have historically been rare, treated more as an exception than a norm. The ICJ Statute allows it in two narrow circumstances. Under Article 63, any State party to the treaty under interpretation may intervene and present its […]

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Efficiency or Executive Overreach? Karnataka HC’s Endorsement of the Sahyog Portal

Introduction The Karnataka High Court’s recent decision in X Corp. (formerly Twitter) v. Union of India has thrust India’s digital regulation framework into the constitutional spotlight. At the centre of the litigation is the Sahyog Portal, launched in October 2024 as an online system to centralise government takedown requests to intermediaries. The court upheld Sahyog,

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Interpreting “In Relation To”: Towards a Functional Test for Personal Data under India’s DPDP Act

Introduction The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (“DPDP Act”) is India’s first dedicated data privacy law. The Act applies only to digital personal data, leaving out other categories of data from its ambit. However, even in this limited category, the meaning of personal data is not entirely clear. Section 2(t) of the act defines

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